Electricity: curvilinear coordinates– conservative vector fields and their potential functions Gauss’ theorem, Stokes’ theorem – physical applications in electrostatics – electrostatic potential and field due to discrete and continuous charge distributions – dipole and quadrupole moments– energy density in an electric field– dielectric polarization – conductors and capacitors– electric displacement vector – dielectric susceptibility.

Vector Calculus: scalar and vector fields – level surfaces – directional derivatives, gradient, curl, divergence

–  Laplacian – line and surface integrals – theorems of Green, Gauss, and Stokes.

Sequences and Series of Functions: complex sequences – sequences of functions – uniform convergence of series – test for convergence – uniform convergence for series of functions.

Introduction to vectors: linear independence – completeness – basis – dimensionality – inner product – orthogonality – displacement – derivatives of a vector – velocity – acceleration – plane polar coordinates.

Angular momentum: angular momentum and torque on a single particle – angular momentum and torque on a system of particles – moment of inertia – angular momentum of a rigid body

Sequence and Series of Real Numbers: sequence – convergence – limit of sequence – non-decreasing sequence theorem – sandwich theorem (applications) – L'Hopital's rule – infinite series – convergence – geometric series – tests of convergence (nth term test, integral test, comparison test, ratio and root test) – alternating series and conditional convergence – power series.

Review of Embedded Hardware: Gates - Timing Diagram - Memory – microprocessors. Interrupts Microprocessor Architecture - Interrupt Basics - Shared Data Problem - Interrupt latency. Software Development: Round-Robin, Round robin with Interrupts, function-Queue- Scheduling Architecture, Algorithms. Introduction to - Assembler - Compiler - Cross Compilers and Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Object-Oriented Interfacing, Recursion, Debugging strategies, Simulators. Embedded Microcomputer Systems - Motorola MC68H11: Motorola MC68H11 Family Architecture, Interfacing methods.

State space Approach: State space modeling of physical systems – diagonal and Jordan canonical forms – Solution of Linear Time Invariant (LTI) state equation – Cayley Hamilton theorem – Controllability and Observability Tests – Kalman decomposition technique – Controller design by state feedback – Full order/reduced order observer design – observer-based state feedback control – stability definitions in state space domain.