Data types and models – Input / output techniques in GIS (spatial and non-spatial) – editing –Topology – database structure – Spatial analysis of vector and raster data models – Network analysis, optimization of path, time and cost, routing and events, facility location, hydrological analysis –interpolation methods  – multidimensional (MD) data -  spatial representation of data -  object hierarchy -  MD  structure: k-d tree, Point quadtree  – construction and dynamic & kinetic data structure -  topology of 3D data – terrain data acquisition and input –