The significance of Air-Sea Interaction; Atmospheric and Oceanic Interaction at various scales; Concept of Boundary Layer; Atmospheric Heat Budget; Variations of wind, temperature and moisture over the sea surface. Air sea temperature differences; Wind stress and resultant drag coefficient with variation to wind speed; Upper ocean boundary layer. Oceanic heat budget.
Tropospheric Aerosols: Aerosols, Historical understanding of tropospheric aerosols, Contemporary understanding of tropospheric aerosols; Particle Sources and Strengths - widespread surface sources (Biogenic sources, Volcanoes, Ocean and fresh water, Crustal and Cryospheric Aerosols, Biomass burning); Spatial Sources - Gas to particle conversion (Sulfur & Nitrogern - Containing compounds, Organic and Carbonaceous Particles), Cloud as a Source of Aerosols, External Sources; Particle Size Distribution and Chemical Compositions (Polar aerosols, Background aerosols, Maritime aerosols, Remote
Remote Sensing techniques applicable to planetary geology; applications derived from interaction of electromagnetic radiation (X-ray, gamma-ray, visible, near-IR, mid-IR, radar) with geologic materials. Remote sensing applications formineralogy, petrology and geochemical analyses for terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments.
Solar System: major concepts, planets, satellites, asteroids, meteorites and comets; formation and internal differentiation of the planets; general features of Terrestrial and Jovian planets.
Introduction: Numerical Weather Prediction as an Initial Value Problem, Filtering Problem, Finite Difference techniques for various partial differential equations (parabolic, hyperbolic and elliptic), Time integration schemes, Explicit, Implicit, and semi-implicit Schemes.
Introduction to Planets and Planetary Systems- Orbital motion – Gravitational field that shape the Earth – Internal structure of planet and its satellite, Equation of state, Density profiles, MassRadius relationship, The origin and evolution solar system, planetary atmospheres, Elemental abundance, outgassing processes, capture processes, Erosion and escape processes, surface processes – condensation, Adsorption, dissolution, chemical weathering, Atmospheric feedbacks – Observed atmospheric changes in Earth and other planets.
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